Richard A. Bareš
Již před delší dobou vypracoval tým předních světových odborníků terminologii a definice základních pojmů v oblasti kompozitních materiálů, typu betonu s polymery. I když jde pouze o menší část kompozitních materiálů, většina uvedených pojmů je platná obecně a bylo by patrně prospěšné a pro širší porozumění užitečné tuto terminologii důsledně dodržovat. Česká verze bude proto v brzké době následovat originální verzi jedné ze zpráv komise TC 105 CPC – RILEM, dále uvedenou:
Reunion Internationale des Laboratories d'Essais et
de Recherches sur les Materiaux et les Constructions
Technical Committee 105 CPC
CONCRETE POLYMER COMPOSITES
Committee Members:
BARES, Richard A. -Chairman
CARDON, Albert H. -ordinary member
CHANDRA, S. -ordinary member
CZARNECKI, Lech -Secretary
FIEBRICH, M. -corresponding member
FOWLER, David W. -corresponding member
HRANILOVIC, M. -ordinary member
JUSTNES, Harald -ordinary member
KOBLISCHEK, Peter J. -ordinary member
KREIS, R. -corresponding member
OHAMA, Yoshihiko -ordinary member
PATUROEV, V. V. -corresponding member
PUTERMAN, Moshe -corresponding member
SANDROLINI, Franco -ordinary member
SARVARANTA, Leena -corresponding member
SASSE, H. R. -corresponding member
SCHORN, H. -ordinary member
SHUTOV, F. A. -ordinary member
STAYNES, B. W. -corresponding member.
STEIJAERT, P. D. -ordinary member
VAN GEMERT, D. -ordinary member
TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
INTRODUCTION
The book is the result of lots of working sessions, warm argues and discussions and some time even quarrels of twenty five specialists from around the world universities and research centres -from seventeen countries- gathered together in RILEM Technical Committee TC 105 CPC "Concrete Polymer Composites".
For this reason, the book is not just another set of selected terms in the field of materials. After five years of hard work together it has been found a common language for communication, which can be profitably shared with all members of the world community, interested in composites. There is not only the lexicon but also evidence of the way of a thinking of polymer composite materials and meanings. To some extent, the book itself is also an image of the main categories in composites science, viz. Structure, Interaction and Synergy. The lexicon contains more than 400 entries. Separately each of those could be described in various ways. For the purpose of this book, the terms have been defined in particular meaning to establish uniform interdisciplinary system of Concrete - Polymer Composites.
It is hoped that the lexicon users share the opinion that this "whole is something more than just the sum up of singularities". This Aristotele's dictum (350 RC.) can be treated as the first definition of composite materials.
ABRASION
The wearing a way of a part of material by rubbing or grinding against another surface
ABSORPTION, WATER (MOISTURE)
The ability of a material to absorb and retain water, expressed by the amount of relative mass increase
ACCELERATOR
A compound added to a mixture in order to in crease the rate of a reaction (cement hydration, polymerization, etc.)
ACTIVATOR
A compounding material used in small proportions to increase the effectiveness of an accelerator or to start the decomposition of an initiator
ADDITIVE
A compound added in small amounts (usually <5% of binder weight) to a mixture in order to enhance or suppress a certain property of the mixture
ADHESION
The attraction between two solid materials in intimate contact due to interaction of surface molecules
ADMIXTURE
A compound added to a mixture in order to modify properties and/or reduce material costs
AFTER CURE
A progress of curing a composite material produced from thermosetting resin or rubber, stopping treatment
AGENT, ANTIFOAMING (ANTIFOAMER), DEFOAMING
A substance added to a material or composition to control the content of gases or prevent foaming, or break down the foam formed
AGENT, ANTISTATIC
A chemical used by compounding in a material or for coating of the product, having the effect of decreasing the surface resistivity to avoid generation
of static electricity on the surface and thereby attraction of dust
AGENT, BLOWING
A compounding material used to produce gas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture of hollow or cellular articles
AGENT, COUPLING
A functional monomer in a polymer composite acting as a chemical "bridge" between the polymer phase and the inorganic phase(s)
AGENT, CROSS-LINKING
A substance which reacts with the oligomer or linear polymer to form chemical bonds between polymer chains
AGENT, CURING
see HARDENER
AGENT, DEFOAMING
see ANTIFOAMER
AGENT, DISPERSING
A surface-active substance used to facilitate the suspension of solid compounding materials in a liquid medium and to stabilize the dispersion thereby produced
AGENT, EMULSIFYING
A surface-active substance used to facilitate the dispersion of an immiscible liquid compounding material in another liquid and to stabilize the emulsion thereby produced
AGENT, FOAMING
See AGENT,BLOWING
AGENT, REINFORCING
A compound, not basically involved in the hardening process, used to increase the resistance of the material to mechanical forces
AGENT, RELEASE (AGENT, MOLD RELEASE)
A substance (external mold release agent) coated or baked on an interior mold surface, or a substance (internal mold release agent) added to a compound to facilitate the removal of the molded product from the mold
AGENT, WETTING (IN MIX)
A substance used to reduce the surface tension of a mix and thereby facilitate spreading or impregnation of a surface by the mix
AGGLOMERATE
- A material artificially built up from particles of parts bonded together by binder
- A cluster of particles of one or more compounding materials in a composite contained in a continuous phase (matrix)
AGGLOMERATE, LATEX
A cluster of polymer or rubber particles in a colloidal aqueous suspension of such particles
AGGLOMERATE (OF LATEX)
Reversible or irreversible joining together of latex particles
AGGREGATE
A particular material such as natural sand, manufactured sand, gravel, crushed gravel, blast furnace slag, or others
AGGREGATE, BINARY
An aggregate with particles of two sizes
AGGREGATE, COARSE
An aggregate retained in a portion of 85% or more by weight on the 5-mm rectangular wire sieve
AGGREGATE, CONTINUOUS
A mixture of n particle types of different size represented in the mix in accordance with a continuous grading curve
AGGREGATE, DISCONTINUOUS
A mixture of n particle types of different size represented in the IIllX in accordance with a gap grading curve (discontinuous grading curve)
AGGREGATE, FINE
An aggregate entirely passing through the 10-mm wire sieve and 85% or more by weight passing through the 5-mm rectangular wire sieve
AGGREGATE, MONOTONOUS
An aggregate with all particles of the same size
AGGREGATE, TERNARY
An aggregate with particles of three sizes
AGING
The result of internal chemical and physical changes of material under general loading during an interval of time
AGING (PROCESS)
Irreversible change of material properties during exposure to a general loading (mechanical, environmental, etc.) for an interval of time
AGING, ACT OF
Exposure of materials to an environment for an interval of time
AGING, SHELF
Aging during storage
ANALYSIS, SIEVE
The test for determining the particle size of a granular or powdery material by the use of sieves
ANISOTROPY, MATERIAL
Different values of physical properties in different directions of a material
ANNEALING
Heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate for relieving the strain caused in the product by heat or chemical stress
BATCH (MATERIAL COMPOUND)
The product of one mixing operation
BINDER
A geometrically continuous solid phase of a composite material
BINDER, CONTENT OF
The ratio of the amount (in weight or volume %) of the binder to the total amount of the materials used in a composite material
Note: The binder content should be based on volume percentage if possible
BINDER, FILLED
Particular composites of the First Type
BLEEDING
Migration of constituents of a binder to the surface
BLISTER
A cavity or sac that deforms the surface of the material by the pressure of fluid contained therein
BLOOMING (OF MATERIAL)
The efflorescence of a liquid or solid on the surface of a material
BLOW (OF CELLULAR MATERIAL)
The volume expansion during the production of expanded material
BODY
A geometrically limited continuum in space with specific boundaries
BOUNDARY, PHASE
The surface in which one phase is in contact with another
BREAKDOWN, FATIGUE
Deterioration of a test piece or product resulting from cyclic deformation
BULK, SOLID PHASE
Solid phase filling a certain volume of space not characterized by its geometrical form
CATALYST
A compound added to a mixture in order to increase the rate of a reaction (cement hydration, polymerization, etc.) without being consumed itself by the chemical reaction
CELL
see PORE
CELL, CLOSE
see PORE, CLOSE
CELL, OPEN
see PORE, OPEN
CEMENT
- A dry powder from silica, alumina, lime, iron-oxide and magnesia, combined together to form hydraulic compounds which form a hardened paste when mixed with water; it is used as a binder for aggregate
- A material which glues individual bodies together
COAGULATION
- Irreversible agglomeration of particles dispersed in a latex (polymer dispersion)
- Irreversible agglomeration of colloidal particles precipitated (originally dispersed) in a colloidal solution (by addition of an electrolyte or by heating or cooling)
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
The ratio of the amount of heat flow per unit time through a unit area of the isothermal plane, perpendicular to the direction of the heat flow, to the thermal gradient in this direction, expressed in Wm-1K-1
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION, LINEAR
The value of relative change of length of a material by heat, expressed per one degree change in temperature
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION, VOLUME
The value of relative change of a material volume by heat, expressed per one degree change in temperature
COEFFICIENT, VISCOSITY
The shearing stress necessary to induce a unit velocity flow gradient in a material
COHESION
The interaction among molecules, atoms or ions within a solid material or between two different solid materials being in intimate contact that keeps the continuum together
COLLOID
A mixture of which at least one component is subdivided physically in such a way that one or more of its dimensions lies in the range between approximately a nanometer and a micrometer
CO MONOMER
One of the two or more monomer species that polymerize to form a polymer
COMPATIBILITY
A property such that two or more kinds of materials have affinity with one another to form a solution or mixture
COMPOSITE
see MATERIAL, COMPOSITE
COMPOSITES, CONCRETE-POLYMER (C-PC)
A particular or hybrid composite of the type of concrete using polymers
COMPOUND
An intimate mixture of polymer(s) with all the substances necessary for the final material
CONCRETE (MORTAR)
A granular composite material that is made by mixing a cement binder with sized aggregates
CONCRETE, FIBER REINFORCED
A concrete (mortar) with addition of short fibers (organic or inorganic) for modification of mechanical and physical properties
CONCRETE, POLYMER (PC)
A composite in which aggregate (filler) is bounded by polymer
CONCRETE, POLYMER-CEMENT (PCC)
A composite where either a non-reactive polymer (latex) or a reactive monomer or oligomer (resin) is added to the fresh cement concrete mix
CONCRETE, POLYMER IMPREGNATED (PIC)
A composite in which hardened concrete (mortar) is impregnated with a reactive monomer (resin) in fluid form which 1s subsequently polymerized in situ
CONCRETE, POLYMER-MODIFIED (PMC)
A cement concrete (mortar) where small amounts of polymer are added to the fresh mix in order to alter the rheology of the mix, not contributing significantly to the binder properties of the hardened composite
CONCRETE, POLYMER-SILICATE (PSC)
A concrete (mortar) in which a mixture of water glass and furane resin or other resins serve as binder
CONTACT, DIRECT FORCE
The stress field of a loaded composite system in which the transmission of inner forces between two adjacent phases is granted predominantly by normal stresses
CONTENT, MOISTURE
See CONTENT,WATER
CONTENT, POLYMER
The content of polymer in volume or mass in a composite
CONTENT, UNIT BINDER
The quantity of the binder per unit volume of freshly mixed polymer concrete (mortar)
CONTENT, UNIT POLYMER
The quantity of total solid materials in a polymer dispersion per unit volume of freshly mixed polymer-modified concrete (mortar)
CONTENT, WATER
The amount of moisture in a material, not including water of crystallization and/or bond water, expressed as mass percentage of the oven-dried material
CONDITIONING
The process of exposing the material to environmental specific temperature and relative humidity for a stipulated period of time, for the purpose of limiting the variation in and improving the reproducibility of test results
CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL
The aggregate of all conditions (such as contamination, temperature, humidity, radiation, magnetic and electric fields, shock, and vibration) that externally influence the performance of an item
CONDUCTION, THERMAL
The flow of heat (not by radiation or connection and without the motion of the material) in a material
CONTINUUM, HETEROGENEOUS
A medium, the whole volume of which consists of (identical) different solid and fluid phases, in which at least the solid phases are connected by firm bonds (and such that structural defects do not harm its inherent property)
COPOLYMER
A polymer formed from two or more types of monomers or oligomers
Note: Copolymers may be classified as
- statistical, in which the chaining of structural units is of random character
- blocked, in which the chaining proceeds by identical blocks of structural units
- grafted, in which chains of another polymer join the chains of the given polymer
- alternating (rarely), in which the structural units are alternatively repeated
COPOLYMERIZATION
The process of polymerizing two or more monomers
CRACK (CRACKING)
A gap or separation formed in a brittle or brittle-like material
CRACKING, STRESS
The stress that causes cracking in a material
CRACKING, ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Stress cracking accelerated by the environment
CRATER
A small, shallow surface imperfection
CREEP
Time dependent evolution of strain under constant stress state in a material
CROSS-LINK
A chemical bond bridging one polymer chain to another
CROSS-LINKING (ACT OF)
Formation of chemical bonds between oligomers or polymeric chains to form a network or cross-linking structure which is not reshape able any more by heat or pressure
CRYSTALLIZATION, POLYMER
An arrangement of previously disordered polymer segments of repeating patterns closer to geometric symmetry
CURE
An irreversible process during which a monomer compound through a change in its chemical structure (e.g. cross-linking) becomes less mobile
CURE, POST
Heat or radiation treatment, or both, to which a cured or partially cured thermosetting (plastic or rubber) composite is subjected to enhance the level of one or more properties
DECOMPOSITION, THERMAL
The decomposition of a body by heat performed by formation of simple compounds, depolymerization, or change in physical and chemical properties
DEFORMATION, ELASTIC
That part of the total deformation which recovers instantly when the stress in removed
DEFORMATION, ELASTIC DELAYED
That part of the total deformation, which gradually recovers after instant recovery in the course of time
DEFORMATION, PERMANENT
That part of the total deformation, which remains when the stress is removed
DEFORMATION, PLASTIC
The deformation of a solid material caused by application of force, such that the material does not recover its original shape
DEFORMATION, TOTAL
The deformation of a solid material caused by application of force
DEFORMATION, VISCOUS
That part of the total deformation of a body under constant loading rising in time
DEFORMATION, ULTIMATE
The deformation of a solid material at the time of rupture
DEGRADATION
The detrimental change in the chemical structure of a material, caused by heat, light, stress, and/or environment
DEGRADATION, THERMAL
The detrimental change of properties connected with a change in chemical structure due to an increase in temperature resulting from external application or internal generation of heat
DEGASSING
Removal of air bubbles, etc., included in an unhardened mixture
DEGREE OF POLYREACTION
- The average number of structural units in the polymer
- The degree of conversion given by the ratio of reacted to reactable monomer units
DENSITY
The mass (in air) per unit volume of a material
DENSITY, APPARENT
see DENSITY, BULK
DENSITY, BULK
The mass of a porous material per unit volume including any pores and air voids present
DENSITY OF PHASE DISPERSION
The volume of dispersed particles m a representative volume unit of structural system
DENSITY, SPECIFIC (OF COMPOSITE)
The unit weight of a representative volume
DENSITY, VOLUME
See DENSITY,BULK
DEPTH, IMPREGNATION
The distance from the surface to the level at which minimally half of continuous pores are saturated by impregnant
DETERIORATION
The loss of some initial material properties due to environmental exposure as a result of development of a permanent change in physical properties
DIAGRAM, STRESS-STRAIN
A diagram showing the relation of stress to strain in a material test,in which the values of stresses are plotted as ordinates and those of strains as abscissas
DIAGRAM, FATIGUE (S-N DIAGRAM)
The diagram with the stress S on the ordinate and the number of cycles N on the abscissa
DIFFUSIBILITY
The ability of a material to allow the passage of mass, in the form of discrete atoms or molecules.
Compare also PERMEABILITY
DILUENTS
An agent decreasing the viscosity of the composition
DILUENTS, NON-REACTIVE
The diluents which can evaporate.
DILUENTS, REACTIVE
The diluents having the ability to be chemically incorporated in the macromolecule.
DIRECTION, CROSSWISE (TRANSVERSE)
The direction perpendicular to the direction of a dominating length
DISPERSION, POLYMER
A system in which very fine particles (of below 1 um) of a polymer are dispersed in a liquid.
DISPERSION (ACT OF)
The application of shearing forces to distribute one or more compo mding materials uniformly throughout the mass of a material continuum
DISPERSITY (OF THE SYSTEM)
The ratio of the surface to the volume of dispersed phase in the representative volume of the system
DURATION
see LIFE, POT
DURABILI1Y
The ability of a material to withstand mechanical and environmental exposure during a certain time
EDGEWISE
Direction parallel to the layers of a layered product
ELASTICITY
Ability of a material to recover shape when stress is removed
ELASTOMER
A macromolecular material that, under service conditions, returns rapidly to approximately its initial dimensions and shape after substantial deformation by stress and release of the stress
ELONGATION
The strain of a material under tensile stress, expressed by the ratio of the value of strain to the original length
ELONGATION, ULTIMATE
The elongation at the time of rupture
EMULSIFIER
A surfactant used to uniformly distribute a compound in a liquid where it is not soluble.
see EMULSION, LATEX and SURFACTANT
EMULSION
A system in which very fine particles of a liquid or a solid are dispersed in another liquid that does not dissolve the particles
ENVIRONMENT, AMBIENT
External surrounding in which the given system exists
EROSION
Wearing away of product surfaces by the washing action, mainly physical, of rapidly moving liquids and solid particles
EXOTHERM
The liberation or evolution of heat during the curing of a plastic product
EXTENDER
A material used to augment the binder in a compound. see ADMIXTURE
FACTOR, BULK
The quotient of density of the material in its processed form, divided by its apparent density in the unprocessed form
FAILURE, COHESIVE (OF BONDED ASSEMBLY)
A rupture occurring entirely within any single uniform element of the assembly
FATIGUE
A phenomenon in which a material subjected to fluctuating stresses exhibits a lower strength than when subjected to a constant stress.
see DIAGRAM FATIGUE, LIFE FATIGUE and LIMIT FATIGUE
FATIGUE, DYNAMIC
The deterioration of a material by repeated deformation
FILLER
A solid compounding material. see AGGREGATE
FILLER (DISPERSED PHASE)
Geometrically discontinuous constituent of the composite
FILLER, GEL
That portion of binder in which an intimate mixture of filler and resin has not been reached
FILLER, BONDED
A particulate composite of the second and third type
FLAT WISE
The direction perpendicular to the layers of a product
FLEXIBILITY
The quality of being pliable
FLOW
- The ability of a pile of a fresh mixture to spread when subjected to jolting
- Part of those deformations leading to plasticity
FOAM
A cellular structure material formed by the stabilization of gas bubbbes in a matrix
FOAM, SYNTACTIC
A special kind of gas-filled polymeric material, consisting of a polymer matrix and a filler of hollow spherical particles (microspheres)
FRICTION
The resistance that arises when a surface of one substance moves over an adjoining surface of another substance
FRICTION, KINETIC
The resistance arising during movement
FRACTION, STATIC
The resistance opposing the starting of movement
FUNCTIONALITY
In a polymer forming reaction: the number of functional groups upon which each of the material compounds can react.
Note: A compound having two functional groups is said to be bifunctional and a compound having three functional groups is called trifuctional
GEL
- A semisolid system consisting of a network of solid colloidal particles in which liquid is held
- The initial jelly-like solid phase that develops in the course of curing of a thermosetting resin from a liquid state
- With respect to vinyl plastisols, a state between liquid and solid that occurs in the initials states of heating, or upon prolonged storage
Note: All three types of gels have very low strengths and do not flow like a liquid. They are soft and flexible and may rupture under their own weight unless supported externally
GEL, CEMENT
The colloidal material that makes up the major portion of the porous mass of which mature hydrated cement paste is composed
GELLING, GELATION
The transformation of a reactive mixture during the hardening process from a liquid state to a jelly-like state
GRAINS
Dispersed particles, mostly observable by the naked eye
GYPSUM, POLYMER IMPREGNATED
A gypsum composite material impregnated with a monomer, in some cases including a prepolymer or polymer, which in subsequently polymerized in situ
HARDENER
A chemical compound causing solidification of reactive monomers and oligomers (hardening of the resin)
HARDENING
- The transformation of the material from its viscous or liquid state into the solid state due to the chemical reaction
- Increasing of the modulus of elasticity of a material during its plastic deformation (stress hardening)
HARDNESS
Resistance of the material against indentation or scratching by another harder body
HEAT BUILD-UP
The accumulation of thermal energy generated within a material as a result of hysteresis, evidenced by an increase in temperature
HETEROPOLYMER
A polymer produced from a monomer, which cannot homopolymerize, by copolymerization with a monomer of another type
HOMOPOLYMER
A polymer formed from a single monomer species
Note: Also polycondensate, if the constitutial unit of the polymer is homogeneous, is called a homopolymer
IMPREGNANT
A material which is used for impregnation of the base structure (concrete, mortar) during the polymer impregnated materials production, and consists of a monomer (in some cases, including prepolymer and polymer), catalyst, promoter, cross-linking agent, plasticizer, etc.
see IMPREGNATION; IMPREGNATION DEPTH; IMPREGNATION PARTIAL;
IMPREGNATION
Saturation or penetration of a base structure of open porosity, such as hardened concrete and mortar, with a monomer, prepolymer, polymer, etc.
IMPREGNATION, PARTIAL
Saturation or penetration of a base structure of open porosity with a monomer, prepolymer, polymer, etc. to a limited depth from the surface
IMPREGNATION, SKIN
Penetration of a base structure of open porosity with a monomer,
prepolymer, polymer, etc. to form a thin skin on the inner surface of pores
INCLUSION
Separate individual particles in a composite
INCOMBUSTIBILITY
The ability of a material to not ignite, burn, or support fire
INDEX, ABRASION RESISTANCE
The ratio of the abrasion resistance of a material to that of a standard material under the same specified conditions and expressed as a ratio of volume losses of both materials (percentage)
INFRASTRUCTURE
(Super)Structure of individual phases (solid and fluid) present in the composite, abstractly separated in the same configuration (geometrical arrangement)
INHIBITOR
A substance used to restrain or suppress a chemical reaction
Note: Inhibitors, unlike catalysts, are consumed during the reaction
INITIATOR
A reactive substance which during decomposition forms free radicals able to start a chemical reaction such as polymerization of monomers or hardening reaction of liquid resins
INTERFACE
The surface between two different, physically distinguishable media see VALUE, INTERFACE
INTERFACES/INTERPHASES
Any transition zone between phases in polyphase materials (e.g. grain boundaries, interfaces in composites, etc.)
INTERPHASES (REGION OF)
The contact region, where two phases meet and interact with each other, with properties differing from those of the bulk material on either side of the interphases
see INTERFACE
ISOTROPY, MATERIAL
The quality of a material having the same physical aracteristics in all directions
KNEADER
A machine for mixing and homogeneously kneading a mixture of high viscosity by severe shear action
LATEX
A colloidal dispersion of a polymer such as natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or other elastomer
Note: The NATURAL LATEX is an emulsion obtained from a plant and the SYNTHETIC LATEX is made mainly by emulsion polymerization
LAYER
A planar part of a composite having a different composition than the adjacent planar part
LENGTH, CHAIN
see POLYMERIZATION, DEGREE OF
LENGTHWISE
A direction optionally specified, e.g. parallel to the dominating direction of the test piece, or in which an anisotropic material is stronger
LIFE, FATIGUE
The number of cycles or time that a material sustains before breaking under repeating stresses
LIFE, POT
The period of time during which a reacting thermosetting (plastic or rubber) composition remains suitable for its intended use (processing) after mixing with a reaction-initiating agent
LIFE, SHELF
The maximum storage period for which a material remains usable for the intended processes
LIFE, STORAGE
see LIFE, SHELF
LIFE, WORKING
see LIFE, POT
LIMIT, ELASTIC
The greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining upon complete release of the stress
LIMIT, EXPLOSIVE
The range of vapor concentrations of a compound in air at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure (NTP) that will support combustion
LIMIT, FATIGUE
The maximum stress under which a material can sustain practically infinite repeating cycles
LOADING, MONOMER
The quantity of the impregnant contained in substrate immediately after impregnation
LOADING, POLYMER
The weight fraction of the polymer contained in polymer impregnated base structure (concrete, mortar)
LONG-TERM STRENGTH
The ability of a material or structure to maintain near-original strength properties as it ages
LOSS, HYSTERESIS
Loss of mechanical energy due to internal micro fractures of a material during loading
LOSS, VOLATILE
The loss in mass by vaporization of the substances contained in a product or component materials
MASS, MOLECULAR
The relative mass of a molecule of a substance referred to that of the isotope of carbon (12C) taken as 12. For a polymer, since its molecular weight is not constant, consisting of molecules of different molecular mass within the polymer homologue, the mean molecular mass (M) in used
MASTER BATCH
A homogeneous mixture of monomer( s) and one or more materials in known proportions for use as a raw material in the preparation of the final compounds
MASTIC
see PASTE
MATERIAL
- A space region filled with any (mostly solid) matter (in mechanics of materials considered as continuum with representative volume element available for homogenization)
- Any solid mono/polyphase, mono/multicomponent substance used in engineering applications
MATERIAL, ACTUAL
A material as it is used and encountered in technical practice
MATERIAL, BRITTLE
A material, which fails suddenly without significant deformation
MATERIAL, COMMIXED
Every material system in which the components do not show synergic interaction
MATERIAL, COMPOUNDING (INGREDIENT)
A substance used as part of a material
MATERIAL, COMPOSITE
A solid polyphase material, whose phases have macroscopically distinguishable boundaries and cannot be mutually transformed in each other by any treatment, which attains properties no attainable by any one of the constituing phases itself neither by the simple summation of them
MATERIAL, COMPOSITE HYBRID
A composite of different solid phases including particular as well as fibre constituents
MATERIAL, COMPOSITE PARTICULAR
A composite in which dispersed components have the form of particles with no significant size differences in each direction
MATERIAL OF FIRST TYPE, COMPOSITE
A solid material system in which the dispersing phase, the matrix, prevails, and the elements of the dispersed phase are segregated in it, not being in direct force contact
MATERIAL OF FOURTH TYPE, COMPOSITE
A disjugated material system (agglomerate, particular) in which the only dispergating phase is formed by fluid
MATERIAL OF SECOND TYPE, COMPOSITE
A solid material system in which the elements of the dispersed phase are aggregated to be capable of direct force contact and in which the rest of the space in the structural system in filled with matrix and closed fluid phase
MATERIAL OF THIRD TYPE, COMPOSITE
A solid material system in which the elements of the dispersed phase are aggregated to be capable of direct force contact (in the form as in the second type of composites) and in which the rest of the space in structural system is filled with matrix and open fluid phase, the free inner surface thus being connected with the ambient environment
MATERIAL, FLEXIBLE
A material that has a modulus of elasticity in flexure, or, if that is not applicable, in tension, not greater than 70 MPa under stated conditions
MATERIAL, IDEAL
A material (mass medium) which theoretically fulfills the given requirements, and only these, within the given boundaries
MATERIAL (CONTINUUM), NON-HOMOGENEOUS
A space region filled with different solid and liquid phases and containing non-filled discrete spaces, bonds defects, as inner cracks or disjugated areas. In mechanics of materials considered as a continuum without any representative volume element for homogenization
MATERIAL (CONTINUUM), POROUS
A solid material system containing many dispersed structural spaces throughout (pores, cells), either open, closed, or both, which are filled with a fluid phase
MATERIAL, REAL
A material that corresponds in all respects to the respective actual structural material but is not impaired by its incidental imperfections, defects, variability of quality, etc.
MATRIX
The geometrically and phase continuous part of the composite, bearing and binding the dispersed constituents
see PHASE, DISPERSING
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
A scientific discipline concerned with the deformation behavior of material structures under loads of any physical or chemical origin
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
A special branch of the mechanics of material investigating stress and strain states arising in a material medium as the result of physical and chemical processes taking place during deformation. It is an interdisciplinary science between the physics of the solid phase, the physical chemistry of surface phenomena and dispersion systems, and mechanics, and it is based on the thermodynamics common to all of these disciplines
Note: The task of physico-chemical mechanics in the field of structural materials is elucidation of the laws governing the motion of material elements in solids and determination of the properties of materials as the functions of the composition, structure, and deformation properties of the substances which constitute them and the configuration of the distribution of these substances in the material under the influence of the force field and the physico-chemical cooperation of the ambient environment. The relation to the physics of solids having been outlined above, it is now desirable to characterize the scope of physico-chemical mechanics with respect to the smallest particles concerned. Such a boundary cannot be defined unambiguously because it depends on the form of existence of every individual material (agglomerate, polycrystal, amorphous mass) and on the influence of this form on the deformation behavior of the given material. When placing a technical accent on the solid component of the material it is possible with a certain reservation-to consider such small particles as are still governed by the Newtonian principles of motion, or for which these principles can be abstracted, as a boundary of the scope of physico chemical mechanics
MEDIUM (MATERIAL), HOMOGENEOUS MASS
A one-phase bulk material
MEGALLOID
A colloidal system at the level of superstructure
MICRO CRACKS
Fine cracks which may extend in a network on or under the surface of a material
MICRO FILLER
A solid compounding material in finely divided form (which might interact with the polymer through the surface), added to the polymer for modification of properties of the binder.
Note: The size of micro particles is represented by unit size mesh
MICROMECHANICS
A special range of the mechanics of materials in which the physical and chemical aspects are considered as given properties of the defined complex system, for the description of which the methods of mechanics of the continuum are used
MICROSTRUCTURE
The spatial configuration of chemical elements (atoms, molecules) connected by mutual bonds
MICROVOLUME
The minimum volume of phase (or particle) having still the average properties of phase (or particle)
MIGRATION
Diffusion and/or penetration of plasticizer, etc., between two contacting materials
MIX
An adequate mixture of binder with other material(s)
MIX, POLYMER-CEMENT (READY)
An industrially prepared mixture of cement and polymer, serving as binder of PCC or PMC
MODIFIER
A substance in the composition which significantly changes some of the properties of the mixture or product
MODULUS OF ELASTIClTY
The quotient of the applied stress (tensile, bending, compressive, shearing, or twisting) divided by the strain produced in a material
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, APPARENT
The ratio of stress to strain at an arbitrary point of the stress-strain curve in the region beyond the elastic limit
MONOMER
A low molecular mass substance consisting of molecules capable of reacting with like or unlike molecules to form a polymer
MORTAR
A composite material, which is made by mixing a binder with fine aggregate
OLIGOMER
A substance composed by polycondensation of only a few but always less than thirty monomer units repeatedly linked to each other, such as a dimmer, trimmer, tetrammer, etc., or their mixtures, with molecular weight under some thousands
Note: The physical properties of an oligomer vary with the addition or removal of one or a few constitutional units from its molecules
PARTICLES, FICTIVE
A dispersed particle increased by half of the mutual distance between particles, providing the direct force transmission
PARTICLES, GRANULAR
Particles having approximately the same spatial dimensions
PASTE
An easily molded mixture consisting of binder (e.g. dispersion, liquid resin, catalyst, promoter) and the aggregates, used to make joints or repair unevenness cement, polymer filler, excluding
PERMEABILITY
The ability of a material to be penetrated by fluid phase
Note:
- For a homogeneous material, permeability of gas according to Fick's a law is equal to the product of the diffusion coefficient and the solubility coefficient of the gas or vapor
- As homogeneous material in this sense it is possible to consider the composites of I. type without open porosity, e.g. polymer containing fillers or reinforcement or closed pores, or all, uniformly distributed throughout the mass
- Generally the permeability of a liquid through a body is expressed by the quantity of the gas (vapor) or liquid passing through a unit thickness of a unit area, in a unit time, at a specific temperature
- The permeability of water vapor is specially called the moisture permeability
PERMEANCE
The permeation rate divided by the difference in pressure of a gas (vapor) or liquid between opposite faces of a solid body
PHASE
Every physically quasi homogeneous constituents of a material physically separated from other quasihomogeneous constituents by interfaces and/or interphases, differentiated by the state of matter (solid phase, fluid, i,e, liquid, gaseous phase) and/or by the chemical nature
PHASE, DISCONTINUOUS FLUID
A fluid phase present in free spaces of discontinuously porous materials
PHASE, DISPERSING
A phase supporting the dispersed constituents, m a composite most frequently called a matrix
PHASE, DISPERSED
A phase consisting of dispersed constituents of the composite
PHASE, PRIMARY
The solid phase in a material system
PHASE, SECONDARY
The fluid phase in a material system
PLASTICS
High polymers, usually synthetic, combined with other ingredients (colorant, plasticizers, etc.) and artificially formed (shaped, molded etc.) into a useful shape
PLASTICITY
The tendency of a material above its elastic limit to remain deformed after stress removal
PLASTICIZER
A substance incorporated in a material to increase its workability, dispersibility, deformability, or plasticity
PLASTISOLS
A sol-state paste made by dispersion of a powdery resin in a plasticizer,
see SOL
POINT, FLASH
The lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air
POINT, GEL
The stage at which a liquid begins to exhibit pseudo elastic properties
Note: The stage may be selected as the inflection point on a viscosity time plot
POINT OF TRANSITION
The temperature at which reversible physical changes occur in a polymeric material
POINT, SOFTENING
The temperature at which a polymer undergoes a deformation by heating under a constant load
POINT, YIELD
The first stress in elasto-plastic material, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress
POLYADDITION
A polyreaction implying the transfer of hydrogen atoms between the functional groups of monomers or oligomers, without expelling simple molecules like water (e.g. epoxy resins)
POLYCONDENSATION
A step-wise polyreaction implying chemical reactions between at least two functional groups of monomers or oligomers accompanied with the elimination of simple molecules like H2O,CO2 (e.g. preparing polyester
oligomers) POLYESTER (PES)
A polymer in which the propagating chain is linked by ester bonds
POLYMER
A material (generated by polyreaction) consisting of (macro)molecules characterized by the repetition (neglecting ends, branch junctions and other minor irregularities) of one or more types of monomer units, mutually linked by covalent bonds
POLYMER, FILLED
A particular composite of the first type
see SYSTEM, SEGREGATED; MATERIAL OF FIRST TYPE, COMPOSITE
POLYMERIZATION
A self propagating chain-type polyreaction in which monomers with unsaturated bonds are linked together to form polymers through the opening of the unsaturated bonds (e.g. formation of polystyrene)
POLYREACTION
A chemical reaction m which monomers are linked together to form polymers
see POLYADDITION, POLYCONDENSATION, POLYMERIZATION
POLYREACTION, DEGREE OF
see DEGREE OF POLYREACTION
POLYREACTION, EMULSION
A polyreaction performed by emulsifying monomers and then polyreacting in the emulsified state
POLYREACTION, SOLUTION
A polyreaction performed by dissolving monomers and then polyreacting in the solution
POLYREACTION, RADIATION
A polyreaction, which is generated or initiated by radiation
POLYREACTION, THERMAL
A polyreaction, which is generated or initiated by heat
POLYREACTION, THERMAL-CATALYTIC
A polyreaction in which a hardening (catalytic) system is initiated by heat
POLYREACTION, PROPER CHAIN
A process in which numerous molecules of one or several monomers are fixed to active centers, pre-generated in reactive environment by radical or ion reaction, resulting in mono- or co-polymer of high molecular weight (of the order of hundreds of thousands to millions)
POLYSTYRENE (PS)
A polymer based on styrene or its derivates
POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVAc)
A polymer prepared by polymerization of vinyl acetate as the sole monomer Note: PVAc can make a copolymer with polyvinylchloride or polyvinyl ethylene, or is used after being saponified into polyvinyl alcohol
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVAL)
A water soluble polymer prepared by essentially complete hydrolysis of polyvinyl esters (e.g. polyvinyl acetate)
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC)
A polymer prepared by polymerization of vinyl chloride as the sole monomer
PORE
A single small cavity surronded partially or completely by walls
PORE, CLOSED
A pore totally enclosed by its walls and hence not interconnecting with other pores
PORE, OPEN
A pore not totally enclosed by its walls and hence interconnecting with other pores
POROSITY
- The relative volume part of pores (either open, closed or both) in mass
- The presence of numerous small cavities
POROSITY, CLOSED (DISCONTINUOUS)
The relative volume part of closed pores in a material
POROSITY, OPEN (CONTINUOUS)
The relative volume part of open pores in a material
POROUS (MATERIAL)
A genetic term for materials containing many pores (eighter open, closed, or both) dispersed throughout the mass
POWDER, REDISPERSABLE
Dry powder with the ability of dispersion when water is added
PREDRYING
The process of drying of hygroscopic compounding material by heating in order to remove the moisture contained
PREHEATING
The process of heating the material of thermosetting resin before it is processed for the purpose of improving working efficiency and the quality of a product
PREPOLYMER
A reactive oligomer of a degree of polyreaction between that of the monomer(s) and the final polymer obtained by stopping the polyreaction at an intermediate stage
PRESSURE, VAPOR
The pressure exerted when a compound is in equilibrium with its own vapour at a given temperature
PRIMER
A compound which is precoated on the substrate to improve a bond or adhesion between a material (concrete, mortar etc.) and the substrate
PROCESS ABILITY
The relative ease with which a compounded mix can be handler
PROPERTY, EXTENSIVE (ADDITIVE)
A property dependent on the mass of the system
PROPERTY, INTENSIVE
A property independent of the mass of the system
RADIATION, IONIZING
High energy, electromagnetic waves that activate initiators or create free radicals directly from monomers by energy absorption
RATE, PERMEATION
The flow rate of gas (vapor) or liquid under specified continuous, through a prescribed area of a solid body, divided by the area
RATIO, POISSON'S
The ratio of transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain in an elastic straight rod when an axial load is applied
Note: The inverse value of Poisson's ratio is called Poisson's number
RECIPE
A formulation mixing procedure, and any other instructions needed for the preparation of a product
RECOVERY
The ability of stressed material to return totally or partially to its original state when external force that has caused the deformation is removed
REINFORCEMENT
- The method of increasing the mechanical performance capability of a material by the incorporation of compounds that do not participate significantly in the hardening process
- A solid element incorporated to the material (matrix) for increasing its mechanical performance capability
RELAXATION, STRESS
The decrease in stress after a given time at constant strain
REPELLENCY, WATER
The ability of a material to resist wetting by water
RESIN
A solid, semisolid or pseudo solid organic material of indefinite, often high molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flow when subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting range, and usually fractures conchoidally
Note: In a broad sense the term is used to designate any polymer that is a basic material for plastics
RESIN, ALKYD
An unsaturated polyester convertible into a cross-linked form, requiring a reactant of functionality higher than two, or having double bonds. Most frequently a resin made by condensing a polybasic acid and polyhydric alcohol (UP)
RESIN, CASTING
A liquid resin that can harden without application of pressure
RESIN, EPOXY (E)
Resin containing ether or hydroxyalkyl repeating units, or both, resulting from the ring-opening reactions of lower molecular weight polyfunctional oxirane resins, or compounds, with catalyst or with various polyfunctional acidic or basic co reactants
RESIN, FURAN (F)
A resin in which the furan ring is an integral part of the polymer chain and represents the greatest amount of mass, usually based on furfuryl alcohol including resins, obtained by its polymerization or by condensation of furfuryl alcohol with furfurylaldehyd, formaldehyde, etc.
RESIN, POLYACRYLATE (ACRYLICS) (A)
A polymer based on acrylic esters and their structural derivates
RESIN, POLYMETHACRYLATE (PMA)
A polymer based on methacrylate esters
RESIN, POLYURETHANE (PU)
A polymer having urethane linkages in the molecular chains, being obtained by polyaddition of aliphatic diamines or that of an organic diisocyanate with compounds containing hydroxyl groups
Note: Polyurethanes may by thermosetting, thermoplastic, rigid or soft and flexible, cellular or solid
RESIN, SILICONE (SI)
Polymers in which the main chain consists of silicon oxygen bonds
RESIN, STYRENE-ACRONITRILE (SAN)
A copolymer based on acrylonitrile, styrene and its derivatives
RESIN, SYNTHETIC
A polymer substance produced by chemical synthesis, being the main material of plastics, coating material, adhesives, etc.
Note: It is classified mainly as thermosetting resin and thermoplastics resin. A polymer material obtained from plants or animals is called a natural resin
RESIN, UNSATURATED POLYESTER (UP)
A polyester having unsaturated groups in the main chain dissolved in reactive monomer
RESISTANCE, ABRASION
The capacity of a material to resist wear and tear
RESISTANCE, COLD
The lower limit temperature at which the product can maintain flexibility
RESISTANCE, FIRE
The ability of a material to resist fire
RESISTANCE, FLAME
The ability of a material to resist burning
RESISTANCE, FREEZE-SALT
The ability of a material to withstand repeated frost actions when exposed to salt
RESISTANCE, FREEZE-THAW
The ability of a material to withstand repeated frost actions
RESISTANCE, FUNGUS
The resistance of a material to the erosion by breeding fungi
RESISTANCE, IMPACT
The resistance to fracture under shock force
RESISTANCE, LIGHT (LIGHT STABILITY)
The ability of a material to resist light
RESISTANCE, OIL
The ability of a material not to swell or to dissolve in oils, and to resist the damage in appearance or shape such as development of cracks, or deterioration of physical properties
RESISTANCE, SOLVENT
The ability of a material neither to swell nor to easily dissolve in solvents
RESISTANCE, THERMAL
The ability of a material to resist thermal action
RESISTANCE, WATER
- The property of retarding both penetration and wetting by water
- The ability of a material to maintain its original properties after being exposed to water
Note: All the abilities or properties should be established by standardized test methods
RESITE
A certain thermosetting resin in the final three-dimensional stage of the process of polycondensation, also called C-stage
RESITOL
A certain thermosetting resin in the intermediate state where the condensation reaction of resol has been advanced further· but not to final stage, also called B-stage
Note: The material swells when in contact with certain liquids and softens when heated, but may not entirely dissolve or fuse
RESOL
A certain thermosetting resin being the starch-syrup state condensate in the early stage of condensation reaction, also called A-stage
Note: The material is still soluble in certain liquids and may be liquid or capable of becoming liquid upon heating
RETENTION, WATER
The ability of a material to prevent internal water evaporation
SAMPLE
A small part or portion of a material or product intended to be representative of the whole
SAPONIFICATION
A chemical reaction in which ester is hydrolyzed to form carboxylic acid and alcohol
SELF-EXTINGUISHING
A property of a plastic, burning on application of a flame and extinguishing by itself on removal of the flame
SELF-IGNITION
The minimum initial temperature at which a plastic is led to ignition, if its temperature is raised at a slow and uniform rate
SET
Strain remaining after complete release of the force producing the deformation
SHRINKAGE
Reduction of volume of a material due to the hardening, solidification or physical changes
SHRINKAGE, PRIMARY
Irreversible reduction of volume of a material due to the chemical hardening or melt solidification
SHRINKAGE, SECONDARY
Reversible reduction of volume of a material due to drying solidification, moisture evaporation, or other constituent evaporation
SOL
A colloid, the dispersing medium of which is a liquid, being the general term for suspension and emulsion
see PLASTISOL
SOLID (IN POLYMER), TOTAL
The weight ratio of the total amount of the polymer, emulsifier and other solid contained in a polymer dispersion, to the total amount of the polymer dispersion
SOLIDIFICATION
Change of a material from viscous (or liquid) state into solid state without chemical changes (e.g. cooling of thermoplastic melt)
SOLVENT
A substance (usually liquid) able to dissolve another substance (usually specified)
SPECIMEN
A piece of material sample appropriately shaped and prepared so that it is ready to use for a test
STABILIZER
- A substance incorporated in a material to prevent its degradation or deterioration during its production or under its serving conditions
- A substance incorporated in a material to prevent aggregation (coagulation) of dispersed particles and to impose the storage stability
STRAIN
- Deformation developing in a body by a stress
Note: The strain caused by an internal stress is called internal strain - The unit change, due to force, in the size or shape of a body referred to its original size or shape
STRAIN, TOTAL
The deformation of a body under loading
STRENGTH, ADHESIVE
The adhesion value per area of bonding surface
STRENGTH, BONDING
The strength between two adjacent materials (bodies) connected together
STRENGTH, BURSTING
The hydraulic pressure required to produce rupture in the test piece, when it is continuously pressurized by a liquid or air
STRENGTH, COMPRESSIVE
The maximum compressive stress when a material 1s broken by a compressive load
STRENGTH, FLEXURAL (BENDING)
The stress at which breaking takes place by a bending load according to the theory of elasticity
STRENGTH, SHEAR
The maximum shear stress in a material at which it breaks under shearing load
STRENGTH, SPECIFIC
The ratio of the strength of a material to its specific gravity
STRENGTH, TEAR
When a notched test specimen or a specimen prepared to a special shape is pulled, the tear strength is expressed by the quotient of the maximum stress during the testing of the test specimen, divided by its original thickness
STRENGTH, TENSILE
The maximum stress during the stage until the material breaks by a tensile load, implying the quotient of the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the test piece
STRESS, FIRST ORDER
The stress in a homogeneous body
STRESS, INNER
The stress produced in a material from causes other than an external force (e.g. temperature changes, shrinkage)
STRESS, SECOND ORDER
The stress in a body consisting of homogeneous particles
STRESS, THIRD ORDER
The stress in a structure of particles (crystalline grains)
STRUCTURE
The spatial configuration of physical elements connected by mutual bonds (bringing certain physical properties)
SUBSTRATE
A material on which another material 1s placed and should adhere or be infiltrated
SUBSTRUCTURE
Structure of (agglomerates or) single particles of the dispersed phase
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Structure of composite materials as a whole
SURFACE, FREE INNER
The surface of the whole area among solid phase(s) and fluid phase(s) in a structural system
SURFACE, INNER
The sum of the surface areas of all the particles of the dispersed phase (solid or liquid)
SURFACTANT
A surface active compound in which one portion of each molecule is hydrophilic (water-miscible) and another portion is lipophilic (oil miscible) or hydrophobic (water immiscible)
see EMULSIFIER
SUSPENSION
A system in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid in corpuscles as fine as visible by the naked eye or through a microscope
SWELLING
Increase in volume of a solid immersed in a liquid or exposed to vapour, caused by absorption of a liquid without any change in arrangement of structure
SYNERGISM
Co-operative simultaneous action of discrete components such that their total effect is greater than the sum of individual effects
SYSTEM
A set of physical bodies which as a whole is separated from the rest of the world forming the ambient environment
SYSTEM, AGGREGATED
A system of particles in a composite where the transmission of loading from one grain to another is directed predominantly through compressive or tensile stresses
see SYSTEM, SEGREGATED
SYSTEM, COALESCENT
Compact agglomerated system
SYSTEM, COMPACT (BULK)
A structural material in which solid components fully fill a given volume (resulting in a pore less body)
SYSTEM, COMPOSITE
A solid product consisting of two or more layers (often in symmetrical assembly) of plastics film or sheet, normal or cellular plastics, metal, wood, composite (according to definition), etc., with or without adhesive interlayer, which attains properties (or a group of properties) not attainable by any compound (layer) either singly or by simple summation of them
SYSTEM, CONJUGATED STRUCTURAL
A structural material remaining solid due to the influence of strong physical and/or chemical interface bonds among phases even if outer loading takes place
SYSTEM, DISCONTINUOUSLY POROUS
A system with closed porosity (with a close inner volume of the fluid phase)
SYSTEM, DISJUGATED STRUCTURAL
A structural material having limited coherence only due to weakness of physical and absence of chemical interface bonds among phases
SYSTEM, FIELD POLYMER IMPREGNATION
A partial impregnation system in which new or old concrete (mortar) is impregnated in the site
SYSTEM, GRANULAR
A conjugated or disjugated structural system with granular particles
SYSTEM, MACRO DISPERSION
A structural system in which the dispersed particles are mostly observable by the naked eye
SYSTEM, MICRO STRUCTURAL
A system in which the decisive influence is exercised by stresses of the 2nd and 3rd order
SYSTEM, PARTICULAR
A conjugated or disjugated structural system with particles of different forms and dimensions
SYSTEM, SEGREGATED
A system of particles in a composite, which are not in mutual force contact
SYSTEM, STRUCTURAL
A system in which the decisive influence is exercised by stress of the first order
SYSTEM, SUPERMONOSTRUCTURAL
A super structural system formed by constituents of identical structure
SYSTEM, SUPERMULTISTRUCTURAL
A super structural system formed by constituents of several structures
TEMPERATURE, BRITTLE(NESS)
The upper limit of temperature at which the test specimen of a material has brittle fracture in a low temperature impact test
TEMPERATURE (UNDER LOAD), DEFLECTION
The temperature at which a test piece shows a specific deformation under a specific load, used as a standard for initiating the heat resistance of a composite
TEMPERATURE, MINIMUM FILM FORMATION
The minimum temperature at which coherent film can be formed from polymer dispersion
TEST, DYNAMIC
A test in which load or deforming speed varies. It includes fatigue test, impact test, etc.
TEST, THERMAL (SHOCK)
The test for examining the variation of a material resulting from rapid heating and cooling
TEXTURE
Representation (specification) of the character (regularity) of structure manifesting itself in a certain orientation or other regularity used usually for external surfa
THERMOPLASTIC
Linear or branched polymers, which can be softened, and take on new shapes by application of heat and pressure only. They can be repeatedly reshaped as no chemical changes are involved in the process.
THERMOSET (REACTOPLAST)
Cross-linked polymer originating by chemical reaction in the case that the functionality of at least one monomer is higher than 2, not fusible by heat
THERMOSETTING
Capable of being changed into a substantially infusible or insoluble product when cured by heat or other means
THIXOTROPY
The property of a material that enables it to stiffen in a short period of standing, but to acquire a flow ability on mechanical agitation, shaking, etc., the process being reversible
TIME, CURE
The period of time that a reacting thermosetting material is exposed to specific conditions to reach a specified property level
TIME, GEL
The time from the initial mixing of the reactants of a liquid material (monomer or resin) composition to the time when gelatination starts
Note: For a material that must be processed by exposure to some form of energy, the initial time is the start exposure
TOUGHNESS
Energy required to break a material which is equal to the area under the stress-strain curve
TRANSITION (Tg), GLASS
The temperature at which the polymeric material undergoes a change from a melt or rubbery state to a glassy, hard and brittle state. This transition is associated with the cessation of local molecular motion
Note:
- The observed temperature can vary significantly depending on the specific property chosen for observation and on details of the experimental technique. Therefore, the observed Tg should be considered only an estimate
- The midpoint of the temperature range over which this transition takes place is commonly termed the GLASS TRANSITION
TEMPERATURE or GLASS TRANSITION POINT
After reaching it, the thermal change rates of physical properties change discontinuously.
TRANSITION, FIRST-ORDER
A reversible change in the phase state of a material, in the case of polymers crystallization and melting. This transition is usually sharp and associated with a discontinuous change in a function, such as volume or enthalpy.
Note: The midpoint of the temperature range over which transition takes place is commonly termed as FIRST-ORDER TRANSITION TEMPERATURE
TRANSITION, SECOND-ORDER
A reversible, but continuous, change of a function, like volume. The glass transition is a second order transition involving only a change in the temperature coefficient of the specific volume
UNSATURATION, DEGREE OF (RATE OF)
Number of binary bonds occurring in one monomer molecule
Note: If the degree of unsaturation of all monomers equals 1, the chaining is linear and a thermoplastic polymer originates. If at least one monomer has the degree of unsaturation in excess of 1, a thermosetting polymer originates.
VALUE, ACID
The free acid content in a resin, plasticizer, solvent, or else, expressed by the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acid contained in 1 kg of the material
VALUE, ADHESION
The force required to cause a separation at the interface of two bonded (adhered) surfaces or components
VALUE, IMPACT
A value representing the resistance of a material to impact, generally expressed by the quotient of the energy required to break a test piece by an impact bending load divided by the cross-sectional area or width of the test piece
VALUE, INTERFACE
The magnitude of inner surface of individual phases, most frequently the surface of all particles of the dispersed phase or/and of all pores
VISCOELASTICITY
Any combination of viscous and elastic behavior
VISCOSITY
The resistance of a material to flow under stress, expressed by the ratio of a shearing force exerted on the material to the shearing strain speed (Pa.s)
Note:
- The viscosity varies with the shearing stress for non-Newtonian fluids (e.g. plastics ). Therefore, the viscosity at a specific stress is called the APPARENT VISCOSITY
- The quotient of the viscosity divided by the density of the fluid is the KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (m2s-1
VOID
In a solid material, an unfilled space of such size that it scatters radiant energy such as light
see PORE, CELLS
VOLUME, CRITICAL MATRIX
The amount of matrix (binder) needed to envelop all the particles in the aggregated system
Note: The decrease of matrix volume under this limit causes existence of disjugated agglomerates of conjugated particles in the aggregated system and the system turns into a non-cohesive system
VOLUME, FICTIVE MATRIX
The real matrix volume lessened by the volume firmly bonded to the surface of particles, which is taken as their physical part
VOLUME, REAL
The volume of binder (matrix) put into the system
VOLUME, REPRESENTATIVE
The minimum volume of the system which is large enough with respect to the present heterogeneities to be considered as a homogeneous material
WARP (WARPAGE)
Concave or convex distortion of mainly flat members by the strain after placing and hardening. A dish-like deformation is called a DISHING and the opposite a DOMING
WATER PROOFNESS
The ability of a material to maintain its original properties while exposed to water
WATER TIGHTNESS
The ability of a material to resist penetration of water see WATER PROOFNESS
WEAR
The cumulative action of all the deleterious mechanical influences encountered in use that tend to impair a material's serviceability
WEATHERING
Deterioration of a material during outdoor exposure
WEATHERING, ARTIFICIAL
Exposure to laboratory (usually intensified) conditions which may be cyclic, involving changes in temperature, relative humidity, radiant energy, and any other elements found in the atmosphere in various geographical areas
WEIGHT, UNIT
The weight of representative volume equal the specific weight or density of composite
WICKING
Transmission of gas or liquid due to a pressure differential or capillary action, along fibers incorporated in a product
WORKABILITY
The ability of a fresh mix to be worked and molded into desired form